This is a series of courses to be offered on a yearly basis with the aim of deepen understanding of pathophysiologic principles of medical diseases in large animals. Each year's course will focus on one or several organ systems/or types of diseases. through applied case study, specialist seminar series, and preparation of written clinical case report. The course is suited to those graduate students involved in clinically focused veterinary research and/or planning to undertake national or international (European) specialist examination in large animal internal medicine (horse, or ruminant).